2009 Living Environment Mid-Term Review Outline
Wednesday, January 28th, 7:40 am – 10:40 am
Exam: 4 Parts-
Part A- all multiple choice
Part B- some multiple choice and some short answer
Part C- mostly short answer, essay
Part D - NYS Laboratory, short answer and multiple choice
Test questions will measure your understanding of the following key concepts discussed thus far.
I. Scientific Method- steps and application
II. Tools of the Biologist
A. Microscopes- all types discussed
B. Separation Techniques- centrifuge, chromatography, electrophoresis
III. Diffusion and Osmosis
A. Transport- passive and active
B. Solutions: hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
IV. Life Processes
A. Respiration, excretion, digestion, synthesis, regulation, growth, transport, and reproduction
V. Cells
A. Plant vs. Animal: compare and contrast
B. Cell organelles and their function
C. Scientists
VI. Classification
A. 6 Kingdoms- know examples from each kingdom and characteristics
B. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
C. Dichotomous Key- know how and why to use one
VII. Mitosis
A. Cell Cycle
B. Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
C. Mitosis in a plant cell vs. animal cell
D. Onion Root Tip Class Activity
E. Asexual Reproduction-
1. Binary fission, budding, sporulation, vegetative propagation
- natural vs. artificial vegetative propagation examples
VIII. Meiosis
A. Stages of Meiosis I and Meiosis II
- compare and contrast the 2 stages of meiosis
B. Spermatogenesis
C. Oogenesis
IX. Embryology and Development
A. from Zygote to Gastrula
B. Cleavage
C. 3 cell layers
D. Chick embryo and membranes
E. Human embryo and membranes
F. External vs. Internal Development in:
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
**3 types of mammals
1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Placental
X. Mendelian Genetics
A. Mendelian Genetics- Punnett square, laws of dominance, independent assortment, and segregation
B. Forms of Incomplete Dominance
C. Multiple alleles
D. linkage
E. Heredity vs. Environment- ex. Himalayan rabbit
XI. Modern Genetics
A. DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis-
1. DNA- Replication
2. RNA- 3 types
3. Protein Synthesis- transcription, translation
4. Gene mutations
5. Karyotypes
B. Biotechnology
1. Inbreeding, hybridization, selective breeding
C. Genetic Engineering-
1. Plasmids
2. Recombinant DNA, etc.
3. Cloning
XII. Laboratory questions
A. Parts of a microscope and functions
B. Measuring with a microscope
1. micrometers and millimeters
C. Protists
1. ameba, paramecium, euglena, spirogyra
D. NYS Diffusion through a membrane
B. Safety